2014年高考英语冲刺：高考英语“十大考点路标”

2014-02-28 15:11:00来源：新东方网

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　　五、特殊标点处

　　在本网站上刊登出来的“左右逢源猜词义之五大法宝”一文中，我们已经提到标点符号的特殊作用和他们在阅读中的处理方式。笔者在此，再次帮大家回顾下问号、感叹号、星号和括号的功能，具体习题验证请看“九种标点符号的处理方式”。问号出现的三种情况应该引起大家重视：一是纯问号出现在首段，这时候大家要注意，该问号一般是设问句的标识，作者一般会自问自答，而回答通常出题。二是问号出现在首段，其功能在于引出文章主题，以上两点大家可看2011年江西卷D篇的71、72题;三是问号出现在否定加疑问句，此时它表达的是一种肯定的含义，如2012年江苏卷A篇。其次议论文中的感叹号表达的是作者强烈的情感，易出题。最后还有广告信息类(2008年上海卷B篇)中的括号和星号(2012年上海卷B篇)是对特殊注意点的注解和说明，也容易出题。

　　六、列举、举例与打比方处

　　举例，列举，打比方之所以容易考是因为他们能很好地论证作者的抽象观点，为了检验考生是不是能够通过具体例子或者打比方读懂作者抽象观点，命题者便瞄准了这些具体例子。再者，由于举例、例子出现出一般出现大量信息，而高考细节题的命题宗旨在于考察学生在错综复杂的信息中扫描出自己需要的有效信息(英文中我们叫scanning)，举例为scanning这一能力的考察提供了肥沃的土壤。最后，相信学生在做题过程中老是遇见诸如：Which of the following is included EXCEPT /included in something, 这是典型考察举例，例子的标志词之一。

　　例1：广东省揭中2011届高三第一学期摸底考试改编

　　P2: Organized activities and homework push bedtimes later, the first large-scale Australian study of children's sleeping habits has shown. Their sleep deprivation (剥夺) is enough to cause “serious drop-offs in school performance, attention and memory”， and governments should consider later or flexible school start times, said the study's leader, Tim Olds.

　　P3: His survey, of more than 4，000 children aged 9 to 18, found those who slept least spent their time socializing (相处) with family or friends or listening to music.

　　The Australian students surveyed don't sleep enough because they spend more time on the following EXCEPT________.

　　A. enjoying music 　B. organized activities and homework

　　C. watching television programs 　D. communication with friends and family

　　解析：选(C)。这里要特别注意有1个单词EXCEPT, 根据题干中的don’t sleep enough, 与spend their time我们可以定位到第三段第一句。划横线部分有并列连词or 出现，为举例标识。在划横线部分，我们可以找到 “socializing (相处) with family or friends” 与 D. communication with friends and family同意替换;Listening to music 与A 选项的enjoy music 同意替换;B选项我们可以在P2的第一句话Organized activities and homework push bedtimes later可知，活动与家庭作业也占据了中学生很多时间，所以B也对，排除法下来C选项watching television programs, 不在列举之内。所以答案选C。

　　特别要叮嘱各位同学的是，列举、举例、打比方更多时候会考察他们所论证的道理，比如：

　　例1：2010 广东卷阅读B篇第二段

　　Winners are great at overcoming problems. For example, if you were late because your car broke down, maybe you need to have your car examined more regularly. Or, you might start to carry along with you the useful phone numbers, so you could call for help when in need. For another example, if your colleague causes you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame the person. Ask to work with a different person, or don’t rely on the person. You should accept that the person. Ask to work with a different person, or don’t rely on this person. You should accept that the person is not reliable and find creative ways to work successfully regardless of how your colleague fails to do his job well.

　　46. According to the passage, winners .

　　A. deal with problems rather than blame others

　　B. meet with fewer difficulties in their lives

　　C. have responsible and able colleagues

　　D. blame themselves rather that others

　　解析：选(A)。For example与for another example之后的举例都是为了论证总论点：Winners are great at overcoming problems即赢家更擅长克服问题，解决问题。overcome 与A选项的deal with 形成了标准的同意替换。

　　例2：2013广东B篇第一段

　　Some people think that success is only for those with talent or those who grow up in the right family, and others believe that success mostly comes down to luck. I’m not going to say luck, talent, and circumstances don’t come into play because they do .some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence, and that’s just the reality of how life is.

　　31. Paragraph 1 mainly talks about ________.

　　A.the reasons for success

　　B.the meaning of success

　　C.the standards of success

　　D.the importance of success

　　解析：选(A)。本段列举有的人认为成功源于天赋;有的人认为成功源于家庭，有的人认为成功源于运气。这三个例子都是为了证明一个道理：成功的原因。所以正确答案为A。此处考察的正是举例论证的道理。

　　总之，考生在举例，列举，对比处，是关注举例本身还是其论证的论点要依据题目所问。这就涉及到阅读理解做题步骤的问题：是先看文章后看题目还是先看题目后看文章? 这个问题，笔者将在本网站的“全文阅读”一文中会为同学们见分晓。

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